The Mapuche, whose name means “people of the land”, are one of the most significant indigenous peoples of South America, with a rich history and culture extending across Chile and Argentina. The Patagonia region is particularly important to the Mapuche people, as it constitutes an essential part of their ancestral territory, known as Wallmapu, a term the Mapuches use to refer to parts of southern Chile (Gulumapu) and Argentina (Puelmapu). It means “surrounding land” in Mapudungun, the Mapuche language. This territory is culturally and spiritually vital for the Mapuche, considered a sacred space where every natural element has its own spirit and significance.
Divisions of Wallmapu
- Gulumapu: West of the Andes in Chile.
- Puelmapu: East of the Andes in Argentina.
Cultural Importance
For the Mapuches, Wallmapu is the heart of their identity and spirituality. Every mountain, river, and valley has its own story and spirit, known as ngen. This connection is reflected in their agricultural and ceremonial practices.
Wallmapu Today
Today, the Mapuches continue to fight for the recognition and restitution of their ancestral lands in Wallmapu, defending both their culture and the environment.
History of the Mapuche People
The history of the Mapuches dates back thousands of years, with an established presence in southern Chile and Argentina long before the arrival of Europeans. The Mapuches were known for their tenacious resistance against the Spanish conquerors in the 16th century and later against the Chilean and Argentine governments in the 19th century. This resistance manifested in the Arauco War, a series of conflicts that lasted over 300 years.
The Mapuche flag is a symbol of their identity and resistance. The flag includes symbols that represent important elements of Mapuche cosmology, such as the sun (Ngenechen), the moon (Kuyen), and the morning star (Wanglen).
Mapuche Culture and Traditions
Mapuche culture is rich and diverse, with traditions including music, art, clothing, and spirituality. The Cultrún is a ceremonial drum essential in Mapuche religious practices, used by machis (shamans) to communicate with the spiritual world.
Traditional Clothing
Mapuche clothing is another important expression of their culture. Women often wear the “küpan,” a type of cloak, while men wear “chiripás” and ponchos. The designs in the clothing often include geometric patterns that have deep cultural and spiritual meanings.
Art and Crafts
Mapuche art includes a variety of expressions such as pottery, basketry, and silversmithing. These objects are not only functional but also carry deep cultural meanings and symbols.
“Mapuche art is a tangible manifestation of their connection to the land and the cosmos, expressed through natural materials and ancestral techniques.” – Cultural Anthropologist
Mapuche Language
Mapudungun is the traditional language of the Mapuche. Although it has lost ground to Spanish, it is still spoken by communities in Chile and Argentina. There are ongoing efforts to revitalize and preserve Mapudungun through education and literature.
Common Keywords:
- Love: Amulepe
- Thank you: Chaltu
- Sun: Antu
- Wind: Willü
Current Relationship with Patagonia
Currently, the Mapuches continue to fight for the recognition of their territorial and cultural rights in Patagonia. This territory is vital not only for its historical and spiritual significance but also for its richness in natural resources. Territorial demands and conflicts with the state and private companies are recurring topics in the news.
Mapuche New Year
The Mapuche New Year or We Tripantu is celebrated between June 21 and 24, marking the winter solstice in the southern hemisphere. It is a time of renewal and reflection, where traditional ceremonies are held to thank the land and pray for a good year ahead.
During We Tripantu, communities gather to share traditional meals, perform dances and ceremonies, and strengthen their cultural bonds.
Impact and Contributions to Society
The Mapuches have significantly contributed to the culture and society in Patagonia. Their ancestral knowledge of medicinal plants and sustainable agricultural practices is invaluable. Additionally, Mapuche culture has influenced music, art, and literature in the region.
The Mapuche Woman
Mapuche women play a central role in the preservation and transmission of culture. They are often responsible for teaching the language, traditions, and spiritual practices to new generations. They are also crucial in craftsmanship, creating pieces that are both utilitarian and artistic.
The Mapuche woman is a pillar of the community, and her role is essential for cultural continuity.
Tourism and Mapuche Culture
Tourism in Patagonia offers a unique opportunity for visitors to learn about Mapuche culture. There are community tourism initiatives where tourists can visit Mapuche communities, participate in traditional ceremonies, and learn about their way of life.
Recommended Tourist Activities:
- Guided visits to Mapuche communities.
- Participation in craft and traditional cooking workshops.
- Hiking and exploring natural landscapes significant to the Mapuche.
Resources and Bibliography
For those interested in deepening their knowledge about the Mapuche and their relationship with Patagonia, here are some recommended resources: